![]() They observed that about 25% of the soil samples examined contained one residue and 58% of the samples contained more than one residue. (Silva et al., 2019) evaluated the residue presence of 76 pesticides in 317 agricultural European soil samples. Also, researchers from the “Mario Negri” Institute of Pharmacological Research in Milan had previously found, in many water wells in Northern Italy, conspicuous concentrations in drinking water of propazine (up to 30 ppt) and simazine (up to 200 ppt). desis, flonicamid, metolachlor, terbuthylazine, etc.). 224 different chemical principles have been detected in Italy by the “Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale” (ISPRA, 2018) into 60% of surface waters (AMPA, glyphosate, metachlor-esa, imidachloprid, metolachlor, etc.) and 30% of ground deep waters (atrazine des. The European Union Regulation concerns about 1100 pesticides, presently or previously used in agriculture, and establishes Maximum Residue Levels (MRL) for 315 agricultural products. A large part (approximately, one third) of these commercial formulations contained a mix of active ingredients (neurotoxic organifisfates and carbamates, paraquat, chloropicrin, fumigants, methyl bromide, etc.), some of which, defined by EPA itself, as “probable” or “known” carcinogen (Donley, 2020). The EU “Plant Protection Regulation” (PPR) (Regulation 1107/2009/EC) recognises that pesticides have significant responsibility for environmental degradation.ĭuring 2017-2018, more than one hundred pesticides, some of which are still considered very dangerous and prohibited in several countries, have been approved by US-EPA. Pesticides, once released into the environment, often decompose into degradation products that may pollute foods, soils, surface waters, and groundwaters (Tiryaki & Temur, 2010). These additives and inert compounds, which make up most of the current commercial formulation (90% - 95%), in some cases show even more toxic properties than the active ingredient itself (Meftaul et al., 2020). However, even those, which get through the limits imposed by local or state agencies, cannot automatically be considered safe.Īlmost all of them, in addition to the declared active ingredient, contain adjuvant substances, whose chemical composition is often not well defined and kept confidential by the manufacturing companies, making them included under the generic category of inert substances (Mesnage et al., 2014). ![]() Because some of them are very uneconomic to produce, they never reach the production line or sales counter. Worldwide, every year many hundreds of new pesticides are formulated. Currently, large quantities of them-about 60 chemical classes that group over 2000 active ingredients are used to protect agricultural crops from a long series of pests (insects, fungal and bacterial attacks, weeds, rodents, etc.) (Vidal & Frenich, 2006 Bolognesi & Merlo, 2011 FAO, 2021). Dichloro-diphenyldichloroethane (DDT) had been widely used since the 40s of the last century for the control of mosquito infestations, initiated the rapid spread of the use of pesticides throughout the world. The massive use of pesticides is considered one of the main factors affecting the environment (Mahmood et al., 2016). Increasing the use of biological systems. Necessary to minimize the use of synthetic chemical compounds by Include the possible effects on reproduction on animals and pregnancy loss evenĪfter a long time. TheĪssessment of possible risks of old and new pesticides must be increased to Of pesticides use, to protect the environment and health, and to eliminate theĪdverse effect of pesticides on the environment and non-target organisms. Necessary to improve new methods to identify and regulate the long-term safety Reproduction, breastfeeding, and infants is still largely insufficient. However, the knowledge about their potential damage to the organs of Growth retardation, birth defects, or spontaneous abortion), and growth modifications. Reproductive effects (sperm abnormalities, decreased fertility, fetal To neurotoxicity, endocrine disruption, liver and kidney damage, cancer, The exposure of animals and humans to pesticides could be related The overall pesti cides, used in agriculture,Īre about 4.1 million tonnes/years. Have been listed, categorized into about 60 classes of chemicals. Presently, worldwide about 2000 active ingredients On an ocean of synthetic chemical compounds used to crop protection and food Need to subtract food from competition of fungi, bacteria, and insects andĪgricultural land from the invasion of competing weeds. Their massive consumption derives from the Necessity to produce increasing quantities of food to meet the demand of ever -increasing populations has led to the massive use
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